Should Sex Be Defined As The Act Of Intercourse Essay

Not Just Your Urban Dictionary Definition: Sex If you put â€Å"sex† into your google search engine, you may discover a lot more than you were hoping to research. For one thing, sex can be defined as the gender that a person currently identifies themselves as. It is also the Latin stem word meaning â€Å"six.† However, for the purpose of this paper, sex will be defined as the act of intercourse. The word itself contains a multitude of connotations—frightening, disgusting, hilarious, offensive, and pleasurable. There are also numerous variations of the word that essentially contain the same meaning: coitus, fornication, making love, screwing around. Sex can also have different meanings at different stages of life. The definition of the word sex has changed through time and is also regularly oversimplified while it can hold many more meanings than it is generally thought to have. Though once considered a taboo topic to discuss, sex is now a frequent part of our conversations, jokes, and favorite shows. Television shows that may have been considered raunchy 20 years ago reign, and sexual references are made within song lyrics without attempting to hide it subtly like it was in the past. Sexual education is often a required course for even elementary students to take, where our parents and grandparents were not given this opportunity and had to figure it out for themselves. Additionally, sex was once considered only for procreation and not to be mentioned outside of the bedroom. However,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Incest1350 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important definitions for the people involved, though the laws and psychologists meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest. The people who commit incest, and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definitionRead MoreIncest: Marriage and Pg1400 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important definitions for the people involved, though the law s and psychologists meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest. The people who commit incest, and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definitionRead MoreMorality of Sex Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesmorality of sex in different situations. Perhaps we worry about it so much because it is such an intimate and significant event. From a purely biological standpoint, sexual intercourse is the means for what might be considered the most important biological function of humans – reproduction, the continuation of our species. But, as beings concerned with not only the biological aspects of life but also with morality, we must ask the question: when is it morally appropriate to engage in sex? Let usRead MoreThe As A Ground For Divorce1492 Words   |  6 Pagesvoidable and null. As it has been defined by the Black’s law Dictionary the term ‘impotence’ â€Å"In medical Jurisprudence. The incapacity for copulation or propagatingthe species. Properly used of the male; but it has also been used synonymously withsterility. Grif feth v. Griff- eth, 102 111. 30S, 44 N. E. 820;† .It simply means a man who is not capable of having erection while having sex is known to be an impotent man while a woman who does not wishes to have sex or the improper vagina due to whichRead MoreThe Church and the Topic of the Use of Contraception1095 Words   |  4 Pagesdeliberate violation of the natural law that God gave us. God intended sexual intercourse to be between a man and a woman who are married. The sole purpose of sexual intercourse is to offer the possibility of bringing a new life into the world as well as strengthening the bond, intimacy, and love that husbands and wives share. In a marriage if sexual intercourse becomes unnatural it is harmful to the marriage. Sex is supposed to be used to procreate. By using methods of birth control this preventsRead More Statutory Rape Essay example1092 Words   |  5 Pagesconsent to sex and therefore consider sexual contact with them to be a rape. The age at which individuals are considered to give consent is called the age of consent. The age of consent can ranging from thirteen to twenty-one, depending on the limits set by each state in accordance with local standards of morality. Even sex that violates the age-of-consent laws but is neither violent nor physically forced is described as statutory rape. In most jurisdictions, the expressions â€Å" under-age sex† or â€Å"sex withRead MoreUnnatural Offences : Section 377 Of Ipc Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pagesoffence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual activity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPC deals with unnatural carnal intercourse against the order of natureRead MoreSex Is A Physical Activity1607 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore the real game â€Å"sex† begins. But what is sex? The dictionary definition of sex seems to be deficient, suggesting that sex is a physical activity in which people touch each other s bodies, kiss each other, etc. It even goes on saying that sex is a physical activity that is related to and often includes sexual intercourse. However, I reject the claim that the actions of solely kissing and touching one another constitutes as having sex. I argue that actions can be termed as sex if and only if thereRead MoreUnnatural Offences : Section 377 Of Ipc1530 Words   |  7 Pagesoffence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual act ivity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPC deals with unnatural carnal intercourse against the order of natureRead MoreSexual Assault Is The Legal Term For Rape922 Words   |  4 PagesChestnut Hill Village in Massachusetts, defined sexual assault as â€Å"any sexual penetration or sexual contact with another individual without consent† (Boston College 2). The policy also included a definition of consent that said â€Å"Consent is the clear and voluntary agreement to engage in particular sexual activity, communicated through mutually understandable words or actions† (Boston College 2). The policy clearly states that without consent any act of sexual intercourse is considered to be rape. Brown University

Social Responsibilities And Moral Character Of Business

Social Responsibilities and Moral Character of Business Milton Friedman was a 20th century American economist who advocated free-market capitalism. In 1970 he submitted an editorial article entitled â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits† to the New York Times. In the article, Friedman argues that in free market systems it is nonsensical to make corporate entities adhere to â€Å"social responsibilities of business† pushed by activists, as corporations are artificial in nature, and thus do not have any social responsibilities other than to make money for the shareholders of the company. I will argue against this paper and support the claim corporations do in-fact have moral and ethical obligations to more than just their shareholders, and that many individuals have their stakes and livelihoods embedded within the acts of corporations. As well, the idea in the article that corporations are not moral agents has led to unsavory violations of human rights across the world, failing Kant’s se cond formulation of the Categorical Imperative, as well as not satisfying Act Utilitarianism. Thus, corporations, and individuals within those corporations, possess considerable ability to make ethical decisions that have great impact to many people, culminating in the truth that corporations have moral status. Friedman often surrounds ideas that he feels are nonsensical with quotation marks in order to make the ideas seem out of touch with any sort of economicShow MoreRelatedSocial Responsibility And Business Ethics Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of social responsibility in business organizations and society. This paper will compare similarities and differences between Cohen’s perspective on social responsibility to the social responsibility and business ethics theories of Drucker and Milton Friedman. Furthermore, this paper will provide a frame of reference on corporate social responsibility and business ethics presented in other research. Social Responsibility Defined Cohen, 2009 wrote in his article that Drucker defined social responsibilityRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Business Ethics And Social Responsibility1295 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical Decision-Making De’Ambre Zanders OMM640: Business Ethics and Social Responsibility (MOH1616A) Instructor: Dr. Maja Zelihic May 1, 2016 Abstract In any type of business, ethical decision-making is usually at the forefront of company operations. It shapes the foundation of a company and gives employees a moral compass as to what is expected of them ethically. Ethical-decision making prevents individuals from profiting from their own personal methods, while representingRead MorePersonal Ethical Development Essay1139 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Development Given the almost collapse of the very foundation of the financial industry in the United States which then rapidly metastasized to a financial and economic crisis with global proportions, ethics and ethical behaviours in doing business and the lack of it was one of the major factors why the mortgage meltdown happened. Thus, it is even more necessary now that organizations focus on the personal ethical developments of all of its individual members. This paper aims to explore theRead MoreQuestions On A Ethical Dilemma1482 Words   |  6 Pagescriteria builds upon one another, ultimately climaxing with Gill’s belief that â€Å"harm is the bottom line question in ethics† (Gill, 2004, p. 142). For example, text three, four, and five build upon each other. By examines individual’s values and moral compasses (text three), an action’s effects on others - a form of Kantian Categorical Imperative - (text four), and the perception of the action by the public; Gill reveals the interconnected and stratified nature of the six questions - thus demonstratingRead MoreRole of Ethics and Social Responsibilty Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility Your Name University name Instructor name Date Abstracts Ethics and social responsibility occupy an important place in human value system. Customer confidence in how business operates has been severely shaking by recent corporate scandals and collapses, such as Enron and bank failures. Hence it is important for companies to consider incorporating ethics and social responsibility into their strategic planning. The (term)Read MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 Pages　　　　Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviourRead MoreWhat Role Should Management Have Within A Business Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pageswithin a business regarding social responsibility? Explain. According to Friedman, a manager’s only responsibility is to the shareholders, and not society as a whole (Jennings, 111). We all agree that a manager s primary responsibility is to the company and the shareholders. We feel that the manager’s role is to act as an agent to conduct business in congruence with the goals set by the shareholders and laws of society, effectively making profit for the company. What are the different social responsibilitiesRead MoreFeldman: Businesses as Social Agents742 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican corporations and in some, having been instrumental in their development. In this particular article he describes the focus of the current crop of business organizations on the bottom-line. He believes that outsourcing, cost-cutting and downsizing activities geared towards the bottom-line forgets the impact of an active and extensive business enterprise to society - it employs, it enhances the market, in increases buying power. Current practices shrink the market and with lower employment, theRead MoreCase Study On Business Ethics965 Words   |  4 PagesName Institution Case Study on Business Ethics Introduction Ethics describes combination of values that guide the behavior and conduct of persons or entities. It facilitates them to distinguish between wrong and right, good and bad, what can be or should be done and what cannot and should not be done. Business contracts are lawfully binding. However, they are effectual with a robust ethical framework where parties observe and satisfy their contractual responsibilities. An efficient operative economyRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Responsibility1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe pattern of social responsibility will be demonstrated in this paper by noting a couple inquiries encompassing the thought and routine of social responsibility. The paper will start with characterizing the idea of social responsibility and noting the accompanying inquiries: What does Cohen feel is the social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society as a whole? How does this perspective align with that of Drucker? How does Cohen’s opinion compare with that of Friedman

Arab Israeli Conflict and Holocaust. Essay Example For Students

Arab Israeli Conflict and Holocaust. Essay The Holocaust was the almost complete destruction of Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II, which lasted between1939 and 1945. We can learn much from this event and ways to prevent similar events from happening again. However, it can be compared to todays Arab Israeli Conflict, which is the cause of a dispute over the land of Palestine. The Holocaust was the worst genocide in history. The Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler wanted to eliminate all Jews as part of his plan for world power. Jews were not the only victims of the Nazis during W.W.II. The Nazis also killed millions of other people whom Hitler regarded as racially lower or politically dangerous. After World War II began in 1939, Germanys powerful war machine conquered country after country in Europe. Millions more Jews came under German control. The Nazis killed many of them and sent others to concentration camps. The Nazis also moved many Jews from towns and villages into city ghettos. They later sent these people, too, to concentration camps. Although many Jews thought the ghettos would last, the Nazis saw ghetto imprisonment as only a temporary measure. Sometime in early 1941, the Nazi leadership finalized the details of a policy decision labeled The Final Solution of the Jewish Question. This policy called for the murder of every Jew (man, woman, and child) under German rule. The first Nazi concentration camps were organized shortly after Hitler came to power. These facilities held tens of thousands of political prisoners arrested by the Nazis. Later on (around 1940s), several new camps were established, with specially constructed gas chambers disguised as showers. When the Jews arrived at a camp, a physician singled out the young and healthy while the others were sent directly to the gas chambers. For identification, camp personnel tattooed a number on the arm of each person. The prisoners were forced to work long hours under cruel conditions. When they were too weak to work any longer, they too were killed or left to die. During the Holocaust, the Nazis kept their actions as secret as possible, and they misled their victims in many ways to prevent resistance. Initially, the Jews in the ghettos either were not aware of the slaughter planned for them or simply could not believe it was happening. The Arab Israeli Conflict is similar in a way like the Holocaust. This conflict is between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East over the land of historic Palestine. The conflict has led to several wars, beginning in 1948, among Arab nations, Palestinian refugees, and the state of Israel. In the conflict are many terrorist organizations connected to both the Israelis (such as the Martyrs of al-Aqsa) and the Palestinians (for example the Hamas). Israel stands at the forefront of this modern clash of civilizations as the only country that represents the Western world in the Middle East. In contrast to World War II times, now the Jewish people are not just the victims but also the frontline fighters against these evil forces that threaten the human civilization. Brutal killings of civilians by Arab suicide bombers, and terrorists in Israel are nowadays almost a daily occurrence. However, Arabs also become victims at times since the US supports Israel with their efforts, often supplying the ir army with weapons. Up to today, the Israeli army has increased its restrictions on the Palestinian population and stepped up its military tactics, therefore, making peace harder to complete. With mounting pressure from both Palestinian and Israeli extremist groups, there is much negativity and bitterness on both sides of the conflict. There have been many developments that have stalled the peace process and delayed negotiations on the final status of the West Bank, Gaza Strip and the land of Palestine. .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 , .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .postImageUrl , .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 , .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57:hover , .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57:visited , .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57:active { border:0!important; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57:active , .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57 .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucc9e149cf816c1bb80e07af7de0fcf57:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The entire King's Men EssayThere are several things that we can learn from the Holocaust. One thing that we should do is to keep alive the memories of this tragic event, so that future generations will know about it and see the horrible effects of hatred, ignorance, propaganda, and prejudice. I think that the bottom line has to be that we have to keep reminding the world that inhumane things can happen to people if others just stand by and let them happen. In conclusion, the Holocaust was a tragic event that we should prevent from happening ever again. As a result of the Holocaust over 7 million people died. In addition, we could learn much from the Holocaust such as the effects of what hatred brings in the world and toward people. Todays Arab Israeli conflict is something that must be resolved, before the violence and hate from both sides of the conflict escalate.

Mandatory Volunteerism free essay sample

To many, volunteering may seem as a task or chore, but to Stephen Lackey, it all seems fun. Mr.Lackey has a passion to give back to the community. In the article â€Å"A Life In Balance† by Stefanie Kure, he has spent countless hours helping the homeless, volunteering at food banks, and cleaning his local church and community. In my article, the author is not convincing that mandatory volunteerism is something that should be instated nationally. It was not effectively convincing because mandatory volunteering was never mentioned and it did not go in depth about volunteering. Volunteering was briefly mentioned in the article and failed to mention any means of mandatory volunteerism. The author does not do an effective and thorough job using rhetorical devices and organization to convince the reader that mandatory volunteerism is beneficial. Throughout the article, the text features remain the same as well as the organization of the article. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Volunteerism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"The title of the article is bolded and is larger than the rest of the text in the article. The author’s name as well as the subject of the article is bolded and is larger than most of the text except for the title of the article. There is also a picture of Stephen Lackey in the top right hand corner. The format of the article consists of several small text paragraphs. One Propaganda device used in the article was Transfer because the article connects Stephen Lackey with volunteering. â€Å"Volunteering is a cultural norm here at Dominion, and I also practice that philosophy outside the workplace as much as possible† (Kure, par. 14). Lackey is connecting and associating himself with the positive idea of volunteering. He’s connecting himself with the idea of volunteering because he’s trying to show the positive ideas of it and is trying to spread the idea as well. One of the three methods of persuasion used in this paragraph is Pathos. This is created by Stephen Lackey who took time to help others. â€Å"I spend time helping out at local banks, handing out coats to the homeless and helping my church clean up around Richmond† (Kure, par. 14). This creates an emotional appeal because Lackey takes time out of his day to help others in need such as the homeless. As a reader, the article was not effectively convincing that volunteerism should be mandatory. It is not convincing because my article did not thoroughly discuss volunteerism as well as even mention mandatory volunteerism. In my opinion, the article should have gone further in depth and should have been much more thorough and lucid about volunteerism. Overall, volunteering was briefly discussed and failed to persuade me to volunteer as well as to consider the fact that volunteerism should be mandatory.

Assumptions in Quantitative Research Essays

Assumptions in Quantitative Research Essays Assumptions in Quantitative Research Paper Assumptions in Quantitative Research Paper Post-positivism allows researchers to examine realities through a variety of measurement tools; thus accessing realities which could elude measurement by direct observation (Giddings Grant, 2007; Schumacher Greener, 1992). Regardless of whether the researcher adopts a positivist or post-positivist philosophy, the description of the paradigms begin with assumptions about the researchers role and relationship to the setting, and by identifying the epistemological and validity assumptions underlying the choice of the role and relationship. The conviction that there is a reality existing outside of the researcher, hat this reality can be observed (ontology), and that knowledge of this reality can be measured objectively (epistemology) are foundational assumptions in quantitative research (Hathaway, 1995). Thus the objects of interest are measured by instruments (e. G. , telescope), the data is examined and analyzed to determine if logical patterns are present, and rational theories are constructed to explain and predict a variety of facts (Hathaway, 1995). Ontologically the researcher assumes that the external reality is comprised of facts that are law-like and provide structure or a theoretical framework to this reality. Physics provides an example of this approach. Methodological and Ontological  Assumptions Empirical-analytical inquiry is characterized by the researchers detached or objective view from the setting under study. This objectivity or detachment is, in part, due to the assumption that the object under study is separate from or independent of the researcher (Eisner, 1981; Smith, AAA; Smith, Bibb). In the empirical analytical view, researchers adhere to the mind-reality duality and the mind is seen as separate from reality (Hathaway, 1995). Another way of considering objectivity is that of being hurry neutral (Schumacher Greener, 1992). This is an extreme view and within the contemporary empirical analytical view, researchers would claim that most inquiry is theory laden (Smith, Bibb). However, with objectivity as the goal, the researcher strives to prevent biases throughout the research process and attempts to control the research design for validity, credibility, and reliability (Burns Grove, 1997). While it is impossible to achieve complete objectivity, cultivating an awareness of potential threats and taking measures to decrease threats whenever possible serves to strengthen the research project. It is important to underscore the intertwined nature of the assumption about objectivity and the assumption that a reality exists outside of the observer. The observer, or researcher, assumes that reality exists outside of the human experience (Carroty, 1998; Polite-OHara et al. , 1991). In other words, there are facts with an objective reality separate from the beliefs of the researcher therefore reality exists regardless of the researchers presence (Firestone, 1987). In a contemporary perspective, reality holds a mediated position between the objective and subjective worlds. Reality affects human beings and unman beings effect reality (Schumacher Greener, 1992). Thus unobservable realities exist and can be represented in theoretical concepts. This line of thinking extends teen assumption AT realty Deanna Tanat wanly can De crossover only Dye slung the senses. An example of an unobservable reality would be a belief that depression is a reality. Depression is not an object that we can observe. Rather we can observe phenomena such as actions, behaviors, and consequences that may be associated with depression. Given this phenomenon, theoretical Judgments are made about what constitutes a theoretical reality of depression. The theoretical construct enables the researcher to design a research project on the subject of depression. Linked to the assumption about reality is the assumption that reality consists of facts or truths that can be known (Hathaway, 1995) and these facts provide the researcher with a theoretical framework to help guide the inquiry (Firestone, 1987). The researcher aims to precisely and define categories based on these facts before the study begins and then determines the relationships between them (Firestone, 1987; Smith, Bibb). Hypotheses establishing a relationship between cause and effect are rived from these categories and only the data that is relevant to them are collected and tested. An extreme critique may be that reality is being actively structured by the researchers prosecuted categories and that this methodology is unduly controlled regarding what is relevant to the study. The assumption underlying this point is the deterministic or linear nature of hypothesis testing. Control is inherent in this method of inquiry which is another underlying assumption of quantitative research. Researchers using a more moderate approach within the post positivist paradigm recognize that research is a human endeavor. They derive their a priori categories from personal beliefs or experience, from theoretical formulation, or from their own or others interpretive research (Hathaway, 1995). Because reality is considered to be relatively stable and researchers are able to observe it, a further assumption is that of objective measurement (Polite-OHara et al. , 1991). The purpose of objective measurement is to gain an understanding about the reality of a phenomenon in an objective manner (Giddings Grant, 2007). Thus, in the act of documenting and measuring, the researcher, in the role of a detached onlooker, reserves objectivity (Hathaway, 1995). In other words, it is essential that the measurement tool(s) and process are objective to gain closer proximity to true knowledge of the phenomenon. Measurement is an important assumption in quantitative research and measurement tools, if properly designed and applied, can lead the researcher to greater understanding about the phenomenon. Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to the phenomenon using some type of rule (Burns Grove, 1997). Before assigning numbers there is an assumption that the measurement tool(s) will be accurate in measuring the phenomenon. For example, if a researcher wants to measure pain, a measurement tool such as a pain scale could be used. Alternatively, the researcher could choose to measure opinions about various pain treatments. In order to measure the opinions, the researcher would assign numbers to the most likely responses observed. In constructing the pain treatment opinion tool(s), it is essential that the measurement tool(s) have an appropriate correspondence to the reality of pain treatment opinions (Polite-OHara et al. , 1991). Thus to accurately measure a phenomenon, the measurement tool(s) must be based on a reality and be as objective as possible. The assumptions of reality, objectivity and measurement are interrelated and integral to the ontology and methodology AT quant I t tattle research. I nose assumptions are essential components in the design of quantitative research projects. An example is if the researcher seeks to understand philosophies of childhood, their assumptions about reality, objectivity, and measurement related to this philosophy are embedded in the designing the research project. There is an assumption that a reality about philosophies of childhood exist. Additionally, there are assumptions that philosophies of childhood can be measured and done so objectively. The researcher would consider how to objectively measure philosophies of childhood when developing the research design. If there were no existing tool(s) to measure the reality of philosophies of childhood, it would be necessary to develop a measurement tool(s) which could accurately measure the phenomenon. In developing the tool, the researcher would make objective theoretical Judgments about what variables (e. G. , psychological, biological, etc. ) would signify this phenomenon. In sum, assumptions that the reality (philosophies of childhood) exists, that such realities are measurable, and that the assortment and process of inquiry are as objective as possible are hallmarks in the quantitative approach to research. Epistemological Assumptions Knowledge within the empirical analytical paradigm has utility if it is generalized. The aim of inquiry is to generalize from the particular and apply a theoretical framework that can be applied universally (Hathaway, 1995). Therefore the aim of generalization is served by the development of universal knowledge. A broad example is research on the efficacy of pain medications. Control and experimental groups are observed to determine the effects of a specific drug. If there is justification to believe it alleviates pain the medication is made available for treating the population at large through a regulated process. Knowledge is also defined by what researchers call data and the selection of meaning. The researcher conducting empirical analytical inquiry makes decisions that will reveal what is generally applicable to all similar situations (Firestone, 1987; Smith, AAA; Smith, Bibb). Taking a critical stance, Habeas (1971) claimed that such inquiry implies a dissociation of knowledge from human interest (Habeas, 2005) and questions the it with individual contexts, values, and preferences. Caution must be taken when considering that the context of discovery may be quite different than the context of practice. Separating the universal from the particular is accomplished through several processes (e. G. , instrumentation and precision) and methodological assumptions (e. G. , measurement techniques) (Hathaway, 1995). The researcher, independent of specific situations under study, determines a set of hypothesized categories based on a priori knowledge and conducts a controlled inquiry to give meaning to phenomena that have significance at a generalized level. Data are considered factual or context-free when they have the same meaning across situations and settings (Hathaway, 1995). Conclusion The decisions researchers make concerning research methods have a direct impact on how they make meaning of their world. By adopting quantitative research, reality is structured and understood in a particular way. In some ways, the choice of quantitative approaches creates the reality we are attempting to discover. By making a choice to conduct quantitative inquiry, we choose our paradigm or assumptions auto teen world (Leaner, BIBB; Hathaway, 1 Assumptions Tanat a realty exalts operate from the researcher, that such realities are measurable, and that the measurement and process of inquiry are as objective as possible are hallmarks of quantitative research. References Lender, J. S. (1986). Educational research: A personal and social process.

Understanding the Argument Against Eating Veal

Understanding the Argument Against Eating Veal Veal is the meat from young calves (as opposed to beef, which is the meat from adult cows). Along with foie gras and shark fins, veal has a bad reputation because of the extreme confinement and cruelty involved in the way veal calves are raised on factory farms. From an animal rights perspective, eating calves violates the calves right to freedom and life, regardless of how well they are treated when they are being raised. As far as animal activists are concerned, theres no right way to eat veal. Mistreatment and Early Slaughter Veal is meat that comes from the flesh of a slaughtered calf (young cow). It is known for being pale and tender, which is a result of the animal being confined and anemic. Typically, instead of living on his mothers milk, the calf is fed a synthetic formula that is intentionally low in iron to keep the animal anemic and keep the flesh pale. The calves used in veal production are a by-product of the dairy industry. Adult female cows used in dairy production are kept pregnant in order to keep up their milk supply. The males who are born are useless because they do not make milk and they are the wrong breed of cow to be useful in beef production. About half of the female calves will be raised to become dairy cows like their mothers, but the other half are turned into veal. Calves destined to become veal spend most of their eight-to-sixteen-week lives confined to small wooden or metal cages known as  veal crates. This prison is barely larger than the calfs body  and too small for the animal to turn around. Calves are also sometimes tethered so that they dont move around too much, which keeps the flesh tender. Fortunately, veal crates have been banned in some states including California, Arizona, and Maine. Bob and Slink Veal Bob veal and slink veal come from newborn calves which were just a few days or weeks old at slaughter. Slink and slink veal comes from unborn, premature, or stillborn calves. Unborn calves are sometimes found when an adult cow is slaughtered and happens to be pregnant at the time of slaughter. Meat from unborn calves is now illegal for human consumption in the U.S., Canada, and some other countries, but their hides are used for boots and upholstery and their blood is used for science. As crates are being phased out, bob veal is gaining in popularity. Without the confinement of a crate, the calves move around and their muscles toughen. Because the calves slaughtered for bob veal are so young, their muscles have not yet developed and are very tender, which is considered desirable. Is humane veal a real commodity? Some farmers now offer humane veal, meaning meat from calves that are raised without veal crates. While this addresses some peoples concerns about veal, animal advocates tend to believe that humane veal is an oxymoron. From an animal rights perspective, it doesnt matter how much room the calves have before they are slaughtered- theyre still slaughtered! The animal rights goal is not to give the calves more room or to feed them a more natural diet, but for people to stop eating these meats altogether and switch to a  vegan lifestyle.

Comparison between Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Essay

Comparison between Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment and A Brief Proposal for Strategic - Essay Example The environment is a vital force to reckon with when thinking about developing tourism business concerning the Forest. Hence, it is important to utilize the best environmental assessment system. This paper offers a critical comparison between the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) with the view of identifying the one that is better appropriate for measuring the environmental conditions in Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Comparison of EIA and SEA There are some differences between Economic Impact Assessment, EIA and SEA. 1. F. Dow and S. Dow, U.S. National Forest Campground Guide, Pacific North Region—Washington, Moon Canyon Publishing, Seiad Valley CA, 2005, p. 99. 2 While EIA aims to minimize impacts, SEA aims to prevent impacts right from the onset. EIA offers limited review of cumulative effects, SEA considers cumulative effects assessment as a primary task. It is a known fact that EIA focuses on standard agenda and trea ts systems of environmental deterioration while SEA focuses on sustainability agenda and handles sources of environmental deterioration. Similarly, EIA emphasizes on mitigating and minimizing impacts while SEA emphasizes on meeting environmental objectives and maintains natural systems. 2 Background of the SEA Commissioned to the Proposal of Tourism Development SEA is usually applicable to the proposal of tourism development through the action of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). And this is done by adopting the methodologies of SEA through land-use planning, energy, waste management and transport. This multi-layered procedure requires that experts should be incorporated at every level or stage coupled with strong political will, constant funding and needful public participation in the process.3 The application of SEA supports the design of plans to regulate both the natural and infrastructural aspects of the management of Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. 4 2. United Na tions University, Strategic Environmental Assessment. August 2011. Viewed on 14 August 2011, http://sea.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30 3. B. Bramwell, Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe, Channel View Publication, 2004, pp.147-8. 3 GIS for support generation towards Strategic Environmental Assessment It has been discovered that Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used a supporting tool towards Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Since SEA is concerned about land-use planning, spatial data and GIS can be used in SEA. This involves utilizing GIS applications and techniques that include but are not limited to digital mapping, spatial analysis (overlays and weighted overlays), modeling and participative GIS.5 The good news is that GIS can be applied to each stage of SEA, which is comprised of screening, scoping, baseline environment, strategic environmental objectives, development of alternatives, monitoring and public participat ion.6 This indicates that using GIS techniques will help to streamline the process of carrying out SEA. Although it is important that GIS methodology must be followed step by step before success could be recorded in this respect. There are limitations to the use of GIS towards SEA; for examples, some data are too complicated for SEA experts to analyze and apply, and they should be minimally utilized. 4. C. Jones, Strategic Enviro